The use of free radicals in the treatment of disease Literature review

The workout of free radicals in the treatment of disease - Literature review ExampleFor grammatical case, they scum bag react with otherwise molecules (M1) and steal an electron from them. The reacting radical (R1.) transforms into a ground state molecule (M2) and the formation of a red-hot radical takes place (R2.)(Scheme 1) ( Fieser and Fieser, 1966 ). Scheme 1 Typical reaction of radicals (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). The first type of free radicals is thermodynamically un electrostatic particles. These be the molecular fragments similar in structure to CH3. ,C2H5. and their derivatives. Next, atoms with one unpaired atom likewise fall under the definition of radicals. For example, H. ,Na. ,Cl. . And the last group of radicals are the thermodynamically unchanging radicals. As an example of this group triarylmethyl (a) and semiquinones (b) can be put forward (Scheme 2). Stabilisation of the radical in these structures are established through delocalisation of the unpa ired electron. Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) can also be classified as radicals as they experience an unpaired electron. Odd electron of the hydrogen atom is an s electron. In case of chlorine, or both carbon based radical it is a p radical. Scheme 2 Triarylmethyl and semiquinones based radicals (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). If the radical is stable then it usually does not participate in the reactions described on scheme 1. Such radicals cannot indorse chain reactions but can stop them. They have the capability to remove free radicals from the system and consequently serve as inhibitors of chain reactions. All the described particles are paramagnetic due to their uncompensated spin, what can be detected victimization magnetic balance (in case of stable particles) or electron paramagnetic resonance (if the concentration of the studied compound is too small or it is unstable) (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). Free radicals have the ability to damage cells. Respiration and the immune system reaction to the infection are the ways which lead to times of free radicals in the body. Environment factors, such as food, pollutants and drugs that are utilize, also contribute to the formation of radicals. formerly produced, radicals damage lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other tissue macromolecules. They also have been proven to play a major office in aging and lead to a series of diseases, including cancer. The amount of free radicals in the body is adjust through the use of antioxidants which donate an electron, thereby transform a free radical into a stable molecule. A number of enzymes are able to act as antioxidants, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The list of antioxidants can be continued by mentioning selenium, beta-carotene and both vitamins C and E (Brown, 1999 Huang, 2000). Because of the mentioned destructive properties of free radicals they can be used to treat cancer. A number of methods utilises free radic als. The method that has been used for decades is radiation therapy. The first case of using radiation therapy in the USA is dated 1896 when Emil Grubbe used X-rays to treat cancer. The discovery of radium and polonium in the end of the nineteenth century gave radiotherapy a push for further advancement. In the mid-1900s radium was substituted by radioactive caesium and cobalt. Later, with the development of various forms of tomography it became possible for physicians to selectively target tumours. This led to few side effects and more effective treatment. Depending on the position of the radiation source there are three types of

Genetically Modified Crop Plants Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically Modified Crop Plants - Assignment ExampleIn rationalise mathematical product, there are mainly two processes known as organic and inorganic food production. radical methods of food production often involve the use of natural products such as manure or composts. On the other hand, inorganic products are often produced through the use of artificial chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. These additional additives modify the final output and this may have negative impacts on the health of passel and animals as well as the purlieu. In most cases, genetic technology on cultivate production is meant to increase the yield. Inorganic food production is likely to double what is produced through organic means dismantle if the quantity may be the same. In recent years, it can be seen that the concept of ethics has play an increasing role in food production and marketing. Basically, business ethics refer to the values, principles and standards that operate deep down bu siness and these attempt to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (Rossouw, 2004). morals in business shape the values of the people involved and these should never be compromised for financial remove or short term expediency, (DesJardins, 2006, p.5). However, it can be seen that ethics are often compromised in as far as crop production is concerned in some instances. In terms of crop production and marketing, ethics often relate to issues such as the healthiness of food, its impact on the environment as well as social impacts of the outputs on the targeted people.

Inclusion of the Physically Disabled in Mainstream Schools Essay

Inclusion of the Physically Disabled in Mainstream Schools - Essay ExampleSignificant attempts to transform mainstream/ carry schools and make them more inclusive to the physically alter students have been make in UK. However, a jackpot requires to be d iodine to make the mainstream schools completely accommodating to the disabled students. This paper foc usages on the measures that mainstream schools in join Kingdom have taken to be more inclusive and meet the needs of the physically disabled. Additionally, the paper will focus on how advantageful or unsuccessful these measures have been in different institutions and whether the success depends on the resources that the schools have to their disposal. In the recent past, the UK government has dedicated itself to ensuring that all children get equal admission to quality education irrespective of their diversity. However, the governments objective has not been fully successful. Physically disabled children are one of the groups of people that have been discriminated against in approximately societies. Investigations the UK education department show that most mainstream schools lacked devices to support disabled student particularly before introduction of the inclusion program. According to the medical model, most people berth stultification to be identical to disability or as a problem. However, other theories have been develop to counteract this notion. These theories include the post-social, affirmative, and the social models. These theories posit that impairment is not synonymous to disability. They argue that case of disability found amongst the physically challenged persons result since disabled are often not provided with the appropriate environment to fall apart they potential. This can be demonstrated by simple aspects such as lack of elevators in most state school, which makes it almost impossible for children using wheelchairs to attend such schools. These contemporary models have greatly co ntributed to the changes in mainstream school in London to make them more accommodative for the disabled students. Accommodation of the disabled in mainstream schools is in line with the social model, which argues that segregating of the impaired people is irreverent and a sign of oppression. Most efforts made have been to improve the schools and accommodate individuals with impairments such as blindness, deafness, or other impairments that make it impossible for individuals to use the same facilities with normal individuals. Post-social modelists argue that segregation make the persons with impairments pity themselves. The social and post-social models are among the models that have greatly influence the development of inclusion programs in UK (Clough and Corbett 5-11). In ensuring that the physically disabled access quality education, the nurture environment must be altered. This is more important in cases where the disability requires the students to make use of confirmative de vices such as wheelchairs (Department for Education and Skills Web Norwich 16-28). Importance of the Inclusion Program Ensuring that persons with disability are not excluded from mainstream education has been the most significant move in guaranteeing equal opportunities for all. There are a some(prenominal) reasons why inclusion of the physically disabled in the mainstream schools is important in UK. One of the reasons is because education is considered important in

Concept of coping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concept of coping - Essay ExampleThis root word aims at providing an exploration of the concept of coping and the way it impacts the lives of persons with chronic illness. The attributes of this concept and nursing intervention atomic number 18 discussed with relevance to the guard, At the Will of the Body written by Arthur Frank (2002). Furthermore, the paper discusses how the connotations in the book influence nursing practices, in particular to the concept of coping.Frank (2002) details the health challenges he faced, reflecting on his journey of pain, endurance and illness produces that transformed him to cope with the traumatic situation. One of the concepts of coping strategies that he stresses is the operate of coping with grief as it is essential for patients with chronic illness to move to the stage of renewal and retrieval from their emotional burdens. Frank clearly expresses how patients are disturbed and affected, when their mourning is limited, and what this restric tion does to their emotions when disregarded by the outside(a) factors. His distinction between disease and illness sheds light on the fact that treatment of the disease of the soundbox is not the same as the care for the illness experience of the patients living in the collapsed state. Illness is the experience of living through the disease (Frank, 2002, p. 13). Franks illness expresses the importance of sharing and emotional support, and what happens when it is delivered efficiently for the patients by their caregivers and medical professionals.Coping can be defined as the constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and internal demands that are appraised as taxing or olympian the resources of the person (Contrada & Baum, 2010, p. 197). Coping is a holistic phenomenon which involves physical, psychological, emotional and social perspectives that possibly impacts individual behaviors. Moreover, coping

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Organisations and conduct - Essay ExampleThe organisational floriculture plays a very important role in the business organisation and if the culture of an organisation is strong, then the businesses will be faced with a support to face the periods of low business mathematical operation. The cultures of an organisation help the business in the overall performance and also permit the organisation to envision from its mistakes and to overcome the challenges. The structure on the other hand refers to the structure of the management and the various levels of management that atomic bod 18 present within the organization. Together both these play a very important role in the overall performance of the order and also provide a wide range of impact on the overall business performance.There are a number of factors that affect the individual behaviour at work and these include the MARS Model. Here in this model four interrelated elements have been expound as the main ca use up that affe cts the employee performance. These include, motivation, Ability, Role Perception and Situational Factors (US Army Handbook, 1973). As explained by Bourassa, 2010, These factors are passing interrelated for example, a data analyst is skilled in running reports (ability), self taught on how to use the latest tools to extrapolate data (motivation), and understands how this information will help management make decisions (role perception), but does not have the required access to the data files (situational factors). Unless all of the elements of the MARS model are satisfied, employee behaviour and performance will be negatively impacted (Bourassa, 2010). Apart from these factors, there are also a number of other factors that impact the employee behaviour at work and these include the leadership styles used within the company and the overall working conditions of the company (Beer, et.al., 1985).a) Michigan Model of

Standard Of Monopolized The Oil Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Standard Of Monopolized The Oil Industry - Essay ExampleBuying Competitors Though more or less of Standard Oils takeovers aimed at gaining competitive advantage, they also benefitted the acquired company too. Rockefeller and his partners gained confidence from the competitors through varied volunteer association. Standard Oil also offered the former executives, of the acquired companies, high positions in the new company and was sure parity in management and was assimilated into the management because they were experienced and were well acquainted with the crude industry and topical anaesthetic markets (Montague 76-81). The Standard Oil trust comprised of different companies in the industry which bring home the bacon competitive advantage and maintain an even competition among the members. Rockefeller perceived the buyouts of the other refineries in Cleveland as foreseeable. He is quoted noting the battle of the new brain of cooperation against competition (Montague 52). In hi s mind, huge industrial amalgamations referred to as monopolies would substitute competition and individualism in the oil industry. Rockefeller used hardball tactics to buy out the competitors. In 1874, the company started purchasing new oil note networks. This assisted the company to amputate the flow of oil to the other companies that Rockefeller wanted to acquire. When a competing company make efforts to build a rival pipeline across Pennsylvania, Standard Oil purchased the land along the dash to barricade the way. In the end, Standard Oil obtained control of all the pipelines within the nation. Notably, Standard Oil had attained full control of 90 percent of United States refining companies (Montague 176) Discounted Shipping Rates In hunting lodge to attain a competitive advantage over its competitors, Standard Oil surreptitiously organized for reduced shipping rates from railroads. This aimed at reducing the average costs incurred by the company. Rockefeller had a fascinatio n for energy that was unparalleled.

The struggle for equality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The splutter for equality - Essay Example elegant rights are freedoms and rights guaranteed to a member of a community, state, or nation. exemption of speech, of the press, religion, and of fair and equal treatment are the basic cultivated rights. The constitution of the United States contains a crest of Rights that describes simple liberties and rights insured to both person in the United States. Although the Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, polite rights were not always respected to altogether human beings, especially discolors. When the Constitution was first written, many Americans unsounded the meaning of the famous inscripture all men are created equal to mean that all white males were created equal, in like manner with other civil rights guarantees as well. As a result, blacks were enslaved and persecuted throughout the late 1700s and early 1800s.After the end of Civil War the Constitution was amended to give former slaves freedom and th e rights of citizens. This passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to Constitution were suppose to give the African-Americans equal protection under the law. They were also intended to give the refreshed citizens the right to vote. During the 1850s abolitionists in the North questioned the morality of southern slavery by writing and preaching about the rights blacks were denied. Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth, paved the way for the first civil rights movement that occurred after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. ... segregated societies, separating themselves from blacks in every humanly way possible. The old Jim Crow laws governed all aspects of their existence, from the schoolroom to the restroom. Southern blacks faced new distinction every day whether it be economically, socially, or politically. America was destined for another, more far-reaching civil rights movement. The civil rights movement during the late 1 800s and early 1900s provided the foundations for the current civil rights laws achieved throughout the 1960s.Black Americans made significant gains in their struggle for equal rights during Reconstruction, the 12-year period after the Civil War. In 1868, after southern president Andrew Johnson vetoed a Civil Rights bill, the radically republican influenced congress transported the principals of the Civil Rights bill to the 14th Amendment. The 14th Amendment conferred civil rights and citizenship for all former slaves, and was incorporated into the requirements for a southern state to regain its statehood. After the 14th Amendment was passed however, the radical cabal of congress was disappointed that it did not grant blacks the right to vote. When the fear that southern states might amend their constitutions so as to withdraw blacks from the voter turnout was recognized by moderate Republicans, Congress formally placed the ballot in the hands of blacks with the 15th Amendment, pa ssed in 1869. With the passing of breakthrough legislation, several leaders emerged to lead this new civil rights movement. Ex-slave, Booker T. Washington put his newly acquired freedom to use when he started a black industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. He taught his students useful trades so they could

Hotel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Hotel Management - Essay employmentAlthough supporters of authoritativeistic meetings and other technological applications contend that the same object could be attained by eliminating spirit to face meetings, one argues that virtual meetings and other computer mediated forms of communication are most accustomed to distractions. Since the users are in different locations, which are most convenient to their respective endeavors, despite indicating presence during the virtual meeting, these participants could in fact continue other forms of activities such as responding to emails, texting, and making side conversations without the obvious association of the other participants. As such, those participating in virtual meetings and other technologically mediated forms of communication, exhibit softness to focus completely and dedicatedly since distractions abound.With large face-to-face meetings which are designed to unite members into collaborating, participating, observing, list ening, reacting, responding and interacting with other participants, to a greater extent inspire discussion ensues. The element of human interaction is crucial and paramount as it indicates a form of commitment, a social bond that indicates conformity to the same goals, philosophies, values and ideals promoted by the group, of which the members should be active participants. Likewise, through real time reaction and responses relayed by the participants, relevant and crucial issues are immediately resolved.There are plain many advantages of face-to-face meetings that could not just be totally ignored or dismissed even so with the prolific use and benefits of virtual meetings and computer mediated forms of communication. For one, face-to-face meetings have the ability to generate more positive and vibrant response from participants that motivate the group to be more enthusiastic about the objective being

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Good, the shitty and the Ugly - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, I cannot deny the fact that some experiences fill had so far, constitute a remarkable percentage of my happiest days on earth (Fryer 87). I screw my kind so much for we piss sh ard so many things together, and I also note my teachers for solely they have let me know. To give an overview of the good experiences that I have had in the university, I firstborn consider my class. My class has had a lot of chances to visit very interesting places and I am spacious am part of that class (Fryer 87). First I will never forget our visit to the comely arts Museum in Houston during one of the poetry sessions. In this trip I encountered a poet who read a poem which had an African inspiration, particularly from Congo. The poem claimed that works of art in German had their roots in the African chaste. This is because the people of Congo are the ones who offered the German president the art works. The whole experience at the museum overwhelmed my heart with joy, because I could identify myself with the musical accompaniments which are very common in my African continent (Fryer 87). Moreover, the companionship I had with my classmates as we walked round the museum, made me feel so happy. As much as I have had good times in the University, I have equally had very dispute moments. ... My hopes that my classmates will finally show up were finally shuttered, when I was hit by the reality that it was already 10 oclock and no one had arrived. I kept strong and went to the event alone unfortunately what I caught my eye was not interesting at all. I saw drunkards and smokers and I accomplished that was a not a place for me to be (Fryer 88). So I stayed shortly then went punt home disappointed, thinking of the time I had wasted. Even though my classmates halt me feel so bad, they make me feel good as well and I love them very much (Fryer 88). I am very free with them during our interactions, but sometime s a think am shy. Despite the fact that this are the same people I interact with them daily, when am asked to address them, it seems so impossible for me. I record that I am a visitor to this country however I seek to know if all visitors feel the way I do or I just lack confidence. My participation in class is very poor as I am not able even coif a question in class though I may be having its answer. Sometimes I feel that it is because English is not my first language, as much as I can articulate it (Fryer 88). I think if there is a way I can boost my confidence and have the courage to speak in class, I can really appreciate. In conclusion, my experience I the sift University can be described as a normal one, because this is what people usually go through. support is full of ups and downs and we should always learn to appreciate our experiences, because they usually give us a chance to learn. My class members are very great and I generally appreciate the role they have played in my life. I believe the challenges I experience in my class are not extra-ordinary, since they can be overcome. If I overcome these challenges I have confidence that I will

Prisoner Torture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prisoner distress - Research Paper ExampleIn spite of the severe implications that the technique has on the criminals or the venture offenders, torture is legally accepted in many countries as a way of extracting confession and preventing criminal offense (Paust, 2005, p821). Regardless of the level of the crime that a somebody has committed, it is unacceptable to use torture methods as a way of obtaining confession from the captive because it is a violation of human rights in addition to being futile and against religious beliefs. Any form of torture is a violation of human rights. According to Alfred (2006, p 62), prisoners curb their human rights and the basic freedoms with exception of the conditions presented by the environment within the areas of incarceration. However, the conditions of the incarceration should not exacerbate the misfortunate that is inherent in the prison. Torture is one of the most common methods that violate the fundamental human rights of the prisone rs. However, the world(prenominal) law provides protection to all prisoners against any form of torture by prohibiting the practice. According to Alfred (2006, p69), the prohibition is an abbreviate of jus cogens, an authoritative standard of the international law custom that bids all countries in the world. ... This is totally unacceptable because dissimilar other forms of human suffering, authorized persons carry out torture deliberately. In this respect, the most important aspect of torture is not only the pain in the neck, but also the fact that it is intentionally inflicted on a person to achieve a particular objective including obtaining confession from a person. Other forms of torture include want of basic needs such as sleep, food and other necessities, which result to a lot of pain or suffering to the deprived person (Basoglu, 2009, p137). Although the immediate effect of torture is physical and mental suffering, Basoglu (2009, p 143) noted that another immediate impa ct and objective of the practice is to break the spirit or declaration of a prisoner. Torture is structured to demolish the identity of a strong person, making him or her line up to the ideologies of particular leader in authority. Autocratic and intolerant regimes in different countries apply torture to quiet down opposition, union, ethnic and leaders of the minority groups into submission. This manipulation is violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which articulates the basic rights of state in 30 articles. Torture violates human rights because it lowers the dignity of the prisoner and it threatens his right to life, freedom and security by inflicting mental and physical pain. Moreover, the universal declaration of human rights prohibits any form of cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment (Parry, 2003, p241). One of the most repugnant characteristics of torture is that it erodes the dignity of one person by another (Lawrence and Travis, 2004). Torture, is a fo rm of asserting authority and control by inflicting

1918 Flu Pandemic Brings Higher Fatalities than World War 1 Research Paper - 1

1918 Flu pandemic Brings Higher Fatalities than World War 1 - Research Paper ExampleThe third constituent investigates the mankind health and checkup issues at the times of the outbreak. Medical response to the pandemic is investigated in the fourth section and finally, the lessons learned from the outbreak atomic number 18 discussed in the fifth and final section. According to CDC (2006), the 1918 influenza pandemic killed 2% of the worlds human population because of lack of sufficient knowledge about the virus and toothless medical response. The 1918 flu pandemic provides important lessons for effective monitoring and management of flu outbreaks. Flu pandemics atomic number 18 serious nemesis to human existence, because of viral antigenic drift that produces new variant strains in each two to three years (Michael, 1998). Introduction The world today remains under serious threat of influenza pandemics. The last ten years have been characterized by outbreak of flu in contrar y parts of the world causing demolitions and wide send panic. Although the scale of the recent flu outbreaks do not comparing with 1918 pandemic in terms of transmittals and fatalities, it is evident that the world population remains highly vulnerable to the infection. The united States Department of Health and Human Services (2006) classifies influenza into three different categories. These include seasonal flu, avian flu and pandemic flu. Seasonal flu also called common flu is a respiratory infection that affects people frequently. Although there is a vaccine for seasonal flu, the immune system of most people is sure-footed of fighting the infection. Bird or avian flu is a zoonotic infection transmitted from cruel birds to human beings. The H5NI virus that causes avian flu is extremely infectious and fatal to domestic birds. The main medical concern of the avian flu is that currently, there is no effective vaccine against the infection and people do not have immunity. Finall y, pandemic flu is highly infectious ailment affecting human beings and it has the voltage of causing global outbreak and severe diseases (United States Department of Health And Human Services, 2006). People have negligible immunity against flu infection and therefore the disease is transmitted quickly across an expansive geographical area. In the last century, devastating flu pandemics were reported in different parts of the globe. CDC (2006) estimated that over 43 million people in the world died from flu pandemics in the last 20th century alone. around of the major flu pandemics included the 1918 Spanish flu, the Asian flu pandemic in 1957 and the Hong Kong Flu of 1968. diachronic Perspective of the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic Before investigating the historical background of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, it is important to interrogate the meanings of pandemic and influenza. Michael (199851) defines pandemic as an epidemic of human ailment that occurs over a wide geographical area, crossing international boundaries and affecting large number of people. There are different forms of pathogens that cause pandemics, including the current HIV/AIDS virus, influenza and in the past, the plague that infected and killed legion(predicate) people in the world around 14th century. Flu is the short form of influenza and it causes respiratory disorders in human beings. According to Barry (2004), the common symptoms of flu infection includes fever, muscle aches, cough and in rarefied circumstances, opportunistic infections such as pneumonia occurs in patients infected with the virus. Flu virus is one of the major causes of death and it affects people of all ages. Human beings are the primary hosts of the virus but it can also spread to domestic animals including horses, pigs and

Sales & Sales Management in this current climate Assignment

Sales & Sales Management in this current climate - grant ExampleInternationally, the profitability of the traditional banking activities has been declining on the past few years. This has been accompanied with massive harvest-home in the financial market owing to globalization of the market, increasing innovation and technology, abundance of new financial products and borrowing of enhanced risk management strategies. These developments have enabled the international financial manufacturing to experience immense growth even in the face of decline in the traditional services profits. The Bank of Ireland Finance (BIF) offers confused pay packages for its guests. The introduction of the motor finance service by the bank has greatly contributed to its growth. This product is not regulated by the central bank policies allowing for the bank to be flexible.The Irish economy has experienced enormous growth for the past 15 years. This has created an opportunity for the banking industry to offer improved services and products to the market. The motor finance service is a product by the bank that lends money to their clients to pay for their motor vehicles. This product offers the client the advantage of acquiring the vehicle without liquid cash. They are thus able to repay the loan in installments at an interest. The innovation of such services has lead to the development and growth of the banking industry in Ireland.The banking industry has undergone tremendous growth with the globalization of the market. The formation of the European Union market for the banking sector has increased aspiration in the market. Furthermore, new(prenominal) lending firms in Ireland have come up increasing the competition cladding the bank of Ireland. The increased competition is accompanied by a change in the consumer needs. This has prompted the banks to offer other services in order to retain it market position (Best, 2012). However, this industry has been veneering various cha llenges facing some of the

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An nonated Bibliography - Assignment ExampleKeywords diversity, race, gender discrimination, Hispanics Shore, L. M., Chung-Herrera, B. G., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H., & Jung, D. I. (2009). mutation in organizations Where are we now and where are we going? Human Resource Management Review, 117133. In this article, the authors assay to picture a comprehensive account for the drivers behind diversity and its outcomes. Several dimensions of diversity demand been set including that pertaining to age, race, ethnicity, gender, culture and disability). Each of these dimensions has been examined in the article along with studying the common theme across completely these dimensions. On the foothold of these dimensions, the authors provide an integrated approach to understanding diversity. The authors possess sufficient academic qualifications (some with educational activity experiences) that has enabled them undertake a coherent and comprehensive analysis of literature pertaining to d iversity. By virtue of this study they have come to conclude that diversity ought to be viewed more positively as opposed to the negative connotation attached with it. The very mention of diversity sparks attention towards something that is not normal. In other words, pointing towards preferential interference of specific races, gender, age etc. is in itself a discriminatory practice. The authors have, therefore, managed to point out the limitations of previous studies by referring to specific adumbrateions in the form of a model for diversity. Although the model has not been empirically tested (which is its biggest weakness) it does provide a strong basis on which researchers could conduct experiments and demonstrate empirical results. Hence, this could prove to be a significant contribution in the way in which diversity is perceived, thereby marking a look-alike shift. Podsiadlowski, A., Groschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., & Zee, K. v. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce novelty perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,159-175. In this article, the authors conduct devil studies for the analysis of the approach organizations take to the management of diversity. Primary data obtained from interviews showed insights into the management of culturally diverse employees. The authors suggest the adoption of a specific approach linked with the initiatives to tackle diversity in organizations. Furthermore, the use of Diversity Perception Questionnaire has been suggested to account for the gap between the actual and expected diversity management outcomes. Although the authors tend to be knowledgeable and credible in terms of their analysis, there are limitations to this study. Since the study is based on Austrian organizations it is difficult to generalize its results and suggestions for global practice. The influence of organizational culture in diversity management was not explored which questions the comprehensiveness of the study. Bielby, W. T. (2000). Minimizing workplace gender and racial bias. Contemporary Sociology, 120-129. The author in this article attempts to provide the basis or justification for diversity management by defining the nature and extent of gender and racial bias in organizations. The cognitive basis for stereotyping is discussed along with a criticism on the organizational practices that go this bias. Finally, the approaches to counter this discriminatory behavior are described with EEO

Applying to the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies Personal Statement

Applying to the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies - Personal Statement fontThe most memorable of these voluntary activities were farewellicipating in the Youth for Youth Foundation, being a allot in for the European Youth Parliament, and taking part in the Junior Achievement Young Enterprise. As a result of my voluntary activities, I have been awarded a come of certificates among which are those related to the economic system and social responsibility. I have also been an active participant in school Olympiads the most remarkable of which were in English, Sociology, and Psychology. Moreover, since I was a child, I have always had a competitive spirit and this excite me to participate in a number of sporting competitions, and most recently, I was a part of my utmost school handball team for four years. At the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, I intend to evidence for a diverse number of extracurricular activities in order to ensure my personal development. Among thes e is taking part in competitions, taking on voluntary activities, as well as participating in stand in programmes so that I can broaden my horizons concerning other institutions of learning. It is my belief that at the Academy, I will be able to not only become a part of an institution with a long level of academic excellence but also have an opportunity to interact with a diverse number of people from different backgrounds. These interactions will enable me to become more effective in my professional aliveness while at the same time helping me to develop into a more responsible world-wide citizen.

Project Paper and Feasibility Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and Feasibility - bound Paper Example30 Greece 40.86% Source http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS Table 3 fencesitter variable 2 Country Physicians/1,000 people 1 Luxembourg 2.7 2 Qatar 2.22 3 Norway 3.1 4 Switzerland 3.6 5 Australia 2.5 6 joined Arab Emirates 2.02 7 Denmark 2.9 8 Sweden 3.3 9 Canada 2.1 10 Netherlands 1.4 11 Austria 3.4 12 capital of Singapore 1.4 13 Finland 2.6 14 fall in States 2.3 15 Ireland 2.79 16 Belgium 3.9 17 Japan 2 18 Germany 3.4 19 France 3.37 20 Kuwait 1.53 21 Iceland 3.62 22 unify Kingdom 2.2 23 Brunei 1.01 24 Italy 4.2 25 New Zealand 2... 66,371 6 coupled Arab Emirates 63,626 7 Denmark 59,709 8 Sweden 57,638 9 Canada 50,496 10 Netherlands 50,216 11 Austria 49,688 12 Singapore 49,271 13 Finland 48,783 14 United States 48,328 15 Ireland 48,289 16 Belgium 46,989 17 Japan 45,870 18 Germany 44,111 19 France 44,007 20 Kuwait 43,723 21 Iceland 43,088 22 United Kingdom 38,811 23 Brunei 38,534 24 Italy 36,267 25 New Zealand 35,973 2 6 Hong Kong 34,259 27 Israel 32,351 28 Spain 32,077 29 Cyprus 28,670 30 Greece 26,735 Source World Development Indicators database (2011). Table 5 Independent variable 4 Country urbanisation Rate 1 Luxembourg 1 2 Qatar 2.2 3 Norway 0.7 4 Switzerland 1.7 5 Australia 1.2 6 United Arab Emirates 2.9 7 Denmark 0.5 8 Sweden 0.5 9 Canada 1 10 Netherlands 0.9 11 Austria 0.7 12 Singapore 1.2 13 Finland 0.8 14 United States 1.3 15 Ireland 2.2 16 Belgium 0.3 17 Japan 0.2 18 Germany 0.1 19 France 0.8 20 Kuwait 2.5 21 Iceland 0.8 22 United Kingdom 0.5 23 Brunei 2.6 24 Italy 0.4 25 New Zealand 1 26 Hong Kong 1 27 Israel 1.7 28 Spain 0.9 29 Cyprus 1.3 30 Greece 0.6 Source World Development Indicators database (2010). Table 6 Independent variable 5 Country Life expectancy (Years) 1 Luxembourg 78.7 2 Qatar 75.6 3 Norway 80.2 4 Switzerland 76.3 5 Australia 81.2 6 United Arab Emirates 78.7 7 Denmark 78.3 8 Sweden 80.9 9 Canada 80.7 10 Netherlands 79.8 11 Austria 79.8 12 Singapore 81 13 Finland 79.3 14 United States 78.2 15 Ireland 78.9 16 Belgium 79.4 17 Japan 82.7 18 Germany 79.4 19 France 76.4 20 Kuwait 77.6 21 Iceland 81.8 22 United Kingdom 80.1 23 Brunei 77.1 24 Italy 82 25 New Zealand 80.2 26 Hong Kong 82.2 27 Israel 82 28 Spain

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay Example for Free

I predict that the succus depart have at least 2 EssayI predict that the juice will have at least 2 or more of the comparable amino acids as the singles in the amino acid mix. I predict that the amino acid more likely to occur is aspartic acid, as lemon juice is acidic. Method We first extract some lemon juice from a lemon. attenuate the lemon around the equator and squeeze it with a juicer. pepper the juice into six pipages at close to the selfsame(prenominal) level all(prenominal). Place the tubes in a beaker and weigh them (remembering to tare the beaker first). Make pairs of tubes of equal mass by adding or taking out juice with a clean pipette) and place them opposite each other in the centrifuge and set it to run for 5 minutes. After centrifuging the juice, pour all the supernatant into a beaker and wash out the solid precipitate from the tubes. Take 2 samples of the raw centrifuged juice in tubes, denominate and assign them away. Add alcohol to the remaining j uice with the ratio of 13 (1unit of juice to 3 units of alcohol). Centrifuge the juice + alcohol later on weighing out pairs of equal mass in the tubes again.Pour the supernatant into a beaker and take 2 samples if the juice + alcohol, label them and put them in a beaker to be put away. Results of centrifuged juice Pair no. big bucks of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 7. 85g 7. 85g 1,7 2 9. 82g 9. 82g 12,6 3 7. 20g 7. 23g 8,2 Results of centrifuged juice + alcohol Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 10. 29 g 10. 29g 12,6 2 7. 32 g 7. 32 g 1,7 3 7. 69 g 7. 68 g 8,2 Making the chromatogram Before you begin detailting the chromatogram, you should Wash your hands (sweat contains amino acids) Hold paper at edges.Place paper on two clean sheets of file paper Only use draw for markings on the paper Use a micropipette to status the various subject matters on the chromatogram. They should be in the pursuance magnitude Juice, Juice + Alco hol, Amino acid mix, Asp, Leu, Lys, Pro. We can now injury these piths onto the chromatogram. Dip the micropipette into a marrow and touch the paper 5 quantify on the same spot, waiting a few seconds after each touch. However when spotting the juice + alcohol, the paper must be touched 7 times instead of 5 (Make sure to use the same micropipette for each component).After spotting all the substances, put the chromatogram onto a frame along with all the other chromatograms and place the frame into the fume cupboard and into the solvent for the chromatography to take place. After chromatography had taken place Carefully remove chromatograms from the frame. Spray with ninhydrin and then supply with alter for the reaction between the amino acids and the ninhydrin to take place, causing the colorless amino acids to show up in a certain color. Put an x in the darkest region of color for each substance and dodge the entire regions of color too.Measure the distance between the origi n and the solvent front, and the distances between the origin and the top, tooshie and darkest region of each amino acid. With these measurements, calculate the Rf Values. My Rf Values Rf ? Distance go by component from origin Distance moved by solvent front from origin The order of calculations go up the chromatogram, h on that pointfore the 1st amino acid (aa) will be the one closest to the origin for that particular substance.Diagram of chromatogram in frame Evaluation The amino acid rear in the lemon juice was Aspartic acid, this supports my hypothesis. We can prove this because the x on the aspartic acid and the x on the 2nd amino acid in the juice are aligned, and so have traveled approximately the same distance from the origin, hence telling us that they must be the same amino acids.There is one other amino acid in the juice that we can non constitute using my chromatogram as it was not present in the amino acid mix. The spot did not align with any other spot on the chro matogram, and so showing that it is a different amino acid to the ones present. Not all the spy were the same size some were a lot bigger. This could have been caused by too much of that substance being spotted onto the chromatogram, and so causing the amino acid to spread too much. After chromatography had taken place, the chromatogram was sprayed with ninhydrin and then heated.When a certain temperature is reached, a sudden reaction occurs between the ninhydrin and amino acids, causing each amino acid to give out a particular color. This reaction is helpful in make the amino acids visible to the naked eye. Because of the large spread of some amino acids, we end up with a large spread of color. This makes it difficult to determine the exact darkest region of that color, and so may cause the results to be slightly inaccurate. An example of this is with Leucine. I may have added too much Leu onto the chromatogram, causing it to spread instead largely, resulting in a large purple s pot.I had marked what I thought was the darkest region of the spot with an x. However that mark was aligned with the mark for Pro and so indicating that they are the same amino acid. This is impossible, that may have been caused by either Misinterpreting the darkest region of the spot (marking the wrong place) Accidentally using the same micropipette for two substances It would make more sense if the mark on the spot for Leu was closer to the top of the spot, where it would be aligned to one of the spots in the amino acid mix.The 1st amino acid spot for the juice had a smaller spot within it. The smaller spot even showed up as a different color to that of the larger spot, so it must be just another amino acid, not present in the amino acid mix. I could have improved this experiment by making sure that I do not add too much of a substance onto the chromatogram, by getting a second opinion on whether I had marked the darkest region of a spot or not and/or by using a wider variety of amino acids to identify the other amino acids in the juice which do not align with any others.

Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

sizeableness of Being enthusiastic EssayThe Importance of Being desirous is a serious comedy approximately trivial matters The Importance of being Earnest is a play that ribs the straightlaced upper classes. In the play, Oscar gigantic makes fun of the upper class in many ways. Most commonly, Wilde does this by using comic irony, humor, and humourous statements. However, if we look deeper into the text, a lot of the trivial matters characters discuss have a serious side to them. Wilde uses these matters to satirize the Victorian upper even more. The unassumingness of finish is taken light-heartedly in the play.Rather than associating death with sadness and suffering and grief Jack and Algy portray death as a method of conveniently eliminating unwanted people, whether imaginary or not. When Algy confesses that Bunbury is Quite Exploded slightly amour comical arises however, his amusing phrase also has around serious implications. Although at first the point that Bun bury has exploded may be hilarious, it is also shocking to some of the characters in the play, as Bunbury was supposed to be very close to Algy.Furthermore, Algy talks about his death so lightly, that it makes it seem as if Algy couldnt care less about losing a close friend. The worst bulge about the way Algy communicates Bunburys death, is that he never admits that Bunbury never existed and lies to all the characters who felt truly grisly for Bunbury. Jack also tells Algy, If Gwendolen accepts me, I am going to kill my brother because Cecily is a little excessively much interested in him. Another trivial moment is when Jack admits to smoking in look of Lady Bracknell.Lady Bracknells replies with Every man should have an occupation of some kind. Although the reference may laugh at this moment, Wilde shows how the Victorian upper class had absolutely no work to do and therefore categorized smoking as an occupation. Cucumber sandwiches also are also used to strike hard the Bri tish upper classes. No cucumber sandwiches shows the absurdness of the upper classes. The scene and dialog is certainly comical, however, it shows how spectacular and over- the top the British upper class was.Moreover, in the Victorian Era, The Importance of Being Earnest was watched by middle classes as well was the upper class the scene must have told the Middle classes a lot about the upper class, especially when they were dramatizing trivial matters like not having cucumber sandwiches. The Name Earnest is also very important in the play, as this too is an example of triviality and seriousness. Gwenolden states that her ideal has endlessly been to love some one of the name of Ernest.Cecily says she pities married woman whose husband is not called Ernest. The name Earnest in itself is a very trivial thing. Although the name Earnest inspires utter confidence Wilde makes fun of the fact that both Jack and Algy are very unhonest men. A name does not define the persons personality or values, however the triviality of the name Ernest is taken out of proportions and case-hardened very seriously in the play. In conclusion, Wilde satirizes the Victorian upper class by making fun of their trivial matters that they treat seriously.Wilde almost swaps seriousness and triviality around so that serious issues are treated trivially and trivial issues are treated seriously. Although back in 19th Century the Victorian classes may have found the play hilarious, today we have a broader view and are able to understand Wildes message about the Victorian upper classes more. In fact, Wilde originally subtitled The Importance of Being Earnest A Serious Comedy for small-minded People but changed that to A Trivial Comedy for Serious People. Isnt that the same thing though?

Unknown Language Log Essay Example for Free

Unknown Language Log EssayLesson 1(1) Appargonnt lesson objectives (functions, structures, lexis and pronunciation)Lesson bingle consisted of an installation to the unsanded-make speech, we were taught how to greet separates and introduce ourselves, how to give psycheal nurture (though it was only regarding our nationality), the alphabet was introduced to us in inn to rationalize further language, and along with it the pronunciation of the letters, and formulates which had two of the said(prenominal) vowels in concert and do a longer sound, so we realized that Finnish is a ph peerlesstic spoken communication, that is the oppo seate of incline which is not. Moreover, we in condition(p) a fewer subject pronouns such as he, she(which do not fork over separate pronouns, they atomic number 18 the said(prenominal) word), you and I, the present of the verb to be (olen), some well-rounded basic vocabulary in order to explain how a word can mixed bag its meaning by having two of the winningred letters together (mato means worm, while matto means carpet), and possessive adjectives (only My). There were m each exponents apply to teach us the functions previously said, introducing yourself/greeting (Mik sinun nimesi on?/Whats your score?, Min olen Ricardo/My attend is Ricardo, Mit kuuluu?/How are you?, Kiitos, hyv/Fine, thanks), personal information (Mist olet kotoisin?/Where are you from?, Min olen uruguaylainen/I am Uruguayan).(2) Lesson structure (stages, presentation, dedicate, etc.)The primary(prenominal) structure of the lesson consisted of an introduction to the language and the country, along with some heathen background, the instructor introduced herself and talked (always in Finnish) about Finland, and where she was born and lived. consequently she taught us how to introduce ourselves and how to ask psyche their name (a basic small talk including How are you?), andintroduced the subject pronoun I, she acted as a model saying what her name was and thus asking another student his name, then we did a chain drill where we all had to introduce ourselves to the shapemate next to us, we repeated a few durations ( repeating drills) and then moved forward to the alphabet, consonants and vowels.She taught us basic vocabulary and the pronunciation when there are two of the same letters together in a word, which makes the sound longer or to a greater extent plosive (depending if it is a vowel or a consonant), we did repetition drills after modeling of some words. Afterwards, we learned the possessive adjective my, how to offer something to someone, and to give thanks, then again as practice we did chain and repetition drills offering a book to the coursemate next to us and thanking for it. To end the first lesson we learned more(prenominal) subject pronouns such as he, she and you and how to say where we are from, and practised it with repetition drills.The structure itself was presentation and controlled pra ctice consisting of drilling on each new language form. Although she checked if we understood the lesson by asking individually, the main(prenominal) goal was not achieved since most of the practice was repetition drills. We did no production since we were total beginners.(3) What kind of help and handouts does the instructor use?When she gave the introduction to the country she utilise a map of Finland along with a flag, the whiteboard was her main aid to teach vocabulary, as she make drawings of the new vocabulary in order to not to translate. She used gestures all the time to give instruction manual or explain concepts, though when they were more abstract it was harder to understand. She pointed the person she was referring to, whether it was her or one of us, put her hands together when she wanted us to do an activity in hosts (like introducing to each other).When she tried to convey by gestures the fact that Spanish and Finnish are more exchangeable as languages alternat ely to English and Finnish, she separated her hands when referring to English, while putting them together when referring to Spanish (This was confuse, since I actually thought that English sight did not get well with Finnish people, andSpanish people did), when she taught us new vocabulary, for example animals, she did the gestures of some of them(like a cat, or a dog).(4) Personal response to lesson (progress, difficulties, ambiguities, interest, etc.)At first it was confusing as I did not know anything about Finland or Finnish, but through and through with(predicate) gestures and the aids such as the map or the drawings it became clear, although sometimes I could not understand the instructions and I had to watch what my classmates did in order to know what to do, since it was all drilling it was not so complicated. Regarding to interest, the instructor was very enthusiastic and had a nice attitude though doing drilling all the time was not really motivating. As she did not u se L1 in the class, sometimes it was hard for me to follow the gait of the class and had to watch what my classmates were doing to continue.(5) Observed response of group enrapture commentI realized that most of them had the same difficulties as me, the lesson was confusing at first, it got clearer after some time, and at certain points we could not follow the pace of the class. Although not all of them were like that, there were others who could keep the rhythm of it (Since we are not all the same when we talk about learning, we all exact our ways and speed to learn). I did not get hold any of them motivated with the lesson, I recollect there was too much drilling which does not encourage one to study or be interested.Lesson 2(1) Apparent lesson objectives (functions, structures, lexis and pronunciation)Regarding lexis and pronunciation, we learned more basic vocabulary (the name of some of objects like hat, cat, orange, apple, limit, and the color ins of them) and how to p ronounce them, the functions where how to ask what objectis it and its colour(Mik se on?/What is it?, Mik vri?/What colour is it?, Omena on punainen/Apple is red). (We did not learn any particular(prenominal) type of vocabulary by from the colours, there were by and large ergodic objects and animals)(2) Listen carefully to the Teachers instructions. How does she give instructions? (Language used, gestures, optical support, concept-checking, etc.)She never spoke in L1, the instructions were always given in Finnish, but as learners, gestures were crucial, and she used them constantly. She similarly modelled what we had to do, so instructions were short and clear. She did concept-checking by drilling, she asked us to say what the image on a book she had was, along with its colour, and repeat.(3) If working in pairs or groups. Do you hark back the activity was no-hit? rationalize why/why not. What did you learn from it?We did an activity which was based on vocabulary, we had to m atch the words with the images, I think the activity was successful for umteen reasons, since it was a kind of game, the activity was motivating and interesting, and the fact that it was a group activity made it even better, not only regarding motivation, but also helping each other, when one of us did not know a word, probably there was another who did, and therefore the activity was successful in my opinion. What I have learned is that making a group activity for the class is a good idea to make a change and not to do always the same (in this topic drilling all the time as in the previous lesson), is motivating and therefore language encyclopedism is better.(4) Share your thoughts on the activities with your classmates and comment on theirs.We all agreed that there was too much drilling, the teacher could have done more practical things instead of making us repeat all the time which at some point became boring. The group activity we made was good to make a changefrom all the dr illing along with the activity we did in which we had to colour some drawings. But again, after influence we did more drilling and repeated the colours several times. For me instructions were clear although not all of them believe the same, sometimes they found them confusing.(5) As a student, which activities in the lesson do you consider were the most valuable? wherefore were they valuable?As a student I believe that the most valuable activities were the one of people of colour the circles and the group activity. The reason is because after doing so much drilling, I got really bored, and doing these 2 activities were a kind of break from it, but not only because they were motivating, I also think that both of them helped to lower the affectional filter of the class, and by doing so, improving language acquisition.Lesson 3(1) Apparent lesson objectives (functions, structures, lexis and pronunciation)The functions were how to ask and give information (asking what language do you speak, and where are you from), more subject pronouns were introduced (We, they, you plural), the add up (and how to say them), we did concept checking of the previous class and right homework. The main structure was mostly a presentation or modeling of the task, and controlled practice with drilling. Exponents Mit sin puhut?/What language do you speak?, Min puhun suomea/I speak Finnish, Missa asut?/Where do you live?, Min asun Monte motion-picture showssa/I live in montevideo.(2) How does the teacher respond to and manage error correction? (Self- correction, peer-correction, etc.)Whenever someone made a mistake during the drilling activities(for example repetition drills), the teacher would repeat again with the correct pronunciation, and in other exercises(writing down numbers in letters) whenit was not correct, she made a facial expression to picture there was a problem and allowed self-correction.(3) Is there any revision of previous lessons? How is it done?Yes, when the cla ss started we correct homework which was to colour the drawings of some objects (the new vocabulary we learned the previous class), and write which colour it had. Then we checked the colours again on the book she had and did some drilling. As she connected previous topics with new ones it was useful for us, for example the vocabulary and the colours, she mixed both in one task, the same with numbers, when we had to count how many apples there were, or how many cars.(4) What techniques and aids does the teacher use to present the new aims?She repeated and re-phrased elder language in order to associate it with new one to acquire meaning. Visual aids were also used, which helped us convey meaning, she used a book with the colours and objects, used the whiteboard to draw, or gave us handouts with drawings on them. She talked slowly when giving instructions or explaining something, always keeping eye contact, this made it easier to understand. Gestures were also heavy used, which was necessary to convey necessary meaning since we were total beginners. The use of drills was also used most of the times, mostly repetition drills.(5) Is there a focus on form, meaning or both?Since we were beginners, the teacher focussed mainly on meaning, rather than on the form. She did not explain the tenses or rules of the language, but instead made sure that we understood the meaning of what she was teaching. We had trade of communicative activities and drilling, so meaning was emphasized, also we learned a lot of vocabulary. We were thought the new vocabulary with functions (describing an object, counting objects) such as, This apple is red, What colour is this dress?, There are three cars, How many cars are there?.Lesson 4(1) Apparent lesson objectives (functions, structures, lexis and pronunciation)New vocabulary was introduced to us, related to the seasons. She made a connection between the seasons and colours (Ksa on vihrea ja keltainen/Summer is greens and yellow), also with vocabulary we saw on previous classes. We learned family vocabulary and how to ask someones relatives names (Mika sinun isn nimi on?/What is your fathers name?, Minun isn nimi on martti/My fathers name is Martti).(2) Pace is crucial in keeping students alert, motivated, engaged and on course. What comment would you make on the pace of the lesson observed? What factors are relevant here?Doing drilling activities certainly distorted the pace of the class as it became demotivating the teacher also connected seasons with colours, which I believe was rather confusing instead of facilitative. As she introduced new concepts to the class, she skipped others and left the students wondering some concepts, for example when the concept of the sun was thaught, she could have taught the moon. Moreover, when we made groups to chance a game which was a kind of lottery with the seasons, it was quite boring, as it was too childish and well-situated for us. At some point I got bored of the con stant drilling, or confused because of the connection the teacher was trying to make between seasons and colours. The most relevant factor is motivation, the pace of the class has to change in order not to bore students, a monotonous lesson is not good for language acquisition, and as it became confusing sometimes it became hard for us to follow the pace of the class.(3) Observing group. What external signs did they give of keeping up with the pace? (Or not)We managed to follow the pace of the class but at some points, some of us could not do it, as she taught too much vocabulary, and made relationsbetween them that were rather confusing (Making relationships between the colours and the seasons, made the lesson confusing). This was evident since when one of us was asked to carry on a task, we would not do anything and say we did not understood what she was asking us to do, facial expressions from my classmates also video displayed me that they were having difficulties. When followi ng the pace was possible, it would be shown with concept checking or following the tasks instructions successfully.(4) Study the teachers physical position and feces in the class. Do you think these are be after and have a special purpose? Please give examples supporting your views.She did not stand on one side of the class or sit behind the desk, she would move through the whole classroom, which has the purpose of lowering the affective filter, and to motivate, also provides the idea that the teacher is the one in control of the class. She also moved when doing concept checking, when we had to do a task on our own or in groups she came to correct us instead of doing it with the whole class. The purpose of moving through the class is because of conditioning the environment, if the teacher sits all the class, students will become demotivating, the class becomes monotonous, by moving she gets our solicitude and makes us to be interested.(5) Points of contrast between English and L2 Finnish is a phonetic language, while English is not, pronunciation problems could happen for Finnish native speakers trying to learn English as they may find trouble discriminating the short and long vowel sounds such as sit-seat and pip-peep. In Finnish the verbs show tense by the addition of suffixes while English uses auxiliary verbs (Puhun I am public lecture about/Puhuin I was talking about). The subject pronouns have no gender like in English (he and she are the same word in Finnish). Although Finnish and English words share the same letters, there are no cognates since the languages are from distinct language families. Also, many words which are uncountable in English such as piece of furniture or people, can be counted in Finnish.Lesson 5(1) Apparent lesson objectives (functions, structures, lexis and pronunciation)Lesson 5 was mainly concept checking and cultural approach to Finland. We corrected homework from the previous class and learned new vocabulary. We were taught how to say the plural of objects by adding a letter A at the end of it (Kissa/Cat, Kissaa/Cats)(2) Was there a point in the lesson or a lesson in particular in which you felt that certain cultural factors affected every the teaching or your learning? Please explain and comment.The fact that she brought magazines, pictures, and other pieces of art related to Finland made the class more interesting and motivating, therefore it helped language acquisition, but since we were not learning any specific form or language rule it was not so successful (in the 5th lesson), as for the other lessons it made them more interesting as it had an influence on us, curiosity about the country motivated us and helped us on language acquisition and motivation. The video showed lots of aspects from Finland, being a video about something we did not know could be motivating, although we did not have a task and since it was all in Finnish it became rather boring.(3) Is the teacher always providing informat ion in the class? Have you detect (s)he serves other roles? If you have, which are these?The teacher had many roles inside the class she acted as a planner, as she planned the lessons and materials. The teacher had the role of a resourcer, providing students with information and tasks, as well as checking and clarifying language. She also acted as a language resource, by helping, modeling and answering language questions. She was also a facilitator, since she checked and delicate language, also a monitor, by checking and observing while we were doing the tasks provided.(4) Checking of learning. Can you identify if this took place? If you can, when did it happen and how did the teacher do it?When we corrected homework, which was an exercise based on numbers, she checked if we did right, but apart from that she started writing random numbers on the whiteboard so we would say which number it is, and therefore know if we learned the rule of how numbers are formed. No checking of learni ng was made furthermore, since we made no production because we were complete beginners.Conclusion as a learnerAs a learner, I believe there was too much vocabulary, plenty of drilling activities that made the lesson demotivating, and really confusing at some points. I experienced a deprivation of motivation during the lessons, as they were monotonous, always doing drills and learning more vocabulary.Conclusion as a teacherThe classes could have been better prepared, so that they were not so monotonous, contexts were not used during any lesson which does not help students, and does not convey meaning, the activities were not purposeful (They did not show students the purpose of the language acquired). The aids used were adequate, gestures, realia, and pictures were helpful since they made the students more interested and helped them to follow the pace of the class. All in all, more variety of activities could have been used, as for the aids they were successful.

Swot Analysis of M&M Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis of MM EssayToday a motorbike industry is leash automobile industry of India. There are many domestic and foreign players in cardinal wheel horse market in India. But Hero Honda and Bajaj are the players who are dominating the market. The automobile industry immediately is the some lucrative industry. Due to the increase in disposable income in both rural and urban sector and light finance being provided by all the financial institutes, the passenger car sales eat increased.This project report deals with An analytical study of Consumer demeanor while buying a bike. An analysis of consumers appearance in terms of consumer consumption patterns, consumer preferences, consumer motivation, consumer buying process and shopping look is very much patron to formulate a firms trade strategy. Thus the marketing concept is consumer oriented and the emphasis is more on the consumer rather than the product.This research shows opinion of consumers, buying motives, f actors of influencing consumer behavior and their expectations with product and its after sales service which is provided by company. The final observation that is made that consumer behavior is affected by a host of variables ranging from personal, professional needs, attitudes and values, personality characteristics, social economic and cultural indorse ground , age gender professional status to social influences of various kinds exerted a family, friends , colleagues , and society as a whole.The combination of these factors help the consumer in decision making further psychological factors that as unmarried consumer needs, motivation, perceptions, attitudes, the learning process, personality characteristics are the similarities which operates across the different types of people and influence their behavior. This personality sketching will help in knowing what a customer (or a potential customer) thinks about a given stigmatise of Motorcycle and what are the possible factors g uiding a possible purchase.Similarly, the idea of measuring the customer satisfaction will serve the same purpose of determining the customer perception. Thus, by measuring the willingness of existing users of a bike to recommend it to others will help the bike manufacturers to chalk out the entire Customer get Behavior. Consumer Behavior Bikes or two wheelers in India cater to various needs of consumers. With the choice of the Indians improving from bicycles to two wheelers, the Indian two-wheeler market has seen a significant growth over the years. Now owning a bike has frame a must for most Indians.Even if people own a car they prefer to have a bike as it is fuel efficient. With the growth in the economy the demand for the two wheelers is increase over the years. It is one of the most dynamic industries today and with the increasing competition companies are bringing in new products In the two wheeler segment, especially the bike segment, the various factors that influence the consumer behavior are1. Personal vehicle Maximum motorcycle users belong to 18 to 25 yrs age group and most of the users are college students and field workers. 2.Maximum motorcycle users belong to middle caste and upper middle class segment, which have annual family income of Rs 2 to 4 lacs and above. 3. These are the reasons for buying two wheeler * Good gas mileage and convenience * Business purpose * Cost effective * Comfort drive in crowd and easy parking * College going purpose * Short distance travel in city * Affordable impairment * Personal vehicle 4. As far as mileage per liter of petrol is concerned, Hero Honda is notion the market and finding favour with consumers. Yamaha and TVS are far below the expectations of the consumers based on mileage.

Why Nations Go To War Essay Example for Free

Why Nations Go To struggle EssayThere are often people who ask the big question, Why do estates pure tone the need to go to war? One of the main moderatenesss for this question comes from the loss of life that comes with it. However, on an narrow theory I have concluded that a bigger portion of why a landed estate decides to go to war would be to expand their territory. They could even be trying to gain freedom for their earth. many times nations use scarcity of resources in their consume country to justify warring with another nation for theirs. Regardless, the nations that begin a war will always be able to provide several(prenominal) reason for the fighting.As stated, territorial reserve expansion is one of the main reasons I believe that nations wage war. Whether it is to prove dominance, or out of jealousy. Larger territories provide for the conquering nation to create a bigger and stronger nation. In some cases, they exigency to take territory from another nation to make them weak, and unable to stay caught up with the eternal sleep of the world. By taking what other nations have, there is the possibility to shut them out. Somewhat in relation to territorial gain, is the possibility to acquire new resources. Having access to more resources like coal, iron, oil, and steel would lead to a larger expanse of trade.This would feed a nation greater sum of money so they could better expend any expenses. At times, war could be birthd to take resources from others because the attacking nation has very little of their own. most wars that are based upon the gain of resources end up devastating the environment they are held in. Lastly, war issues could outgrowth from a fight for freedom, this derives from nations wanting the right to self govern themselves. Most times this is due to the abusive control of another oppressive power. Some enslaved nations wish to be free so they female genitals do what was done to them.Eventually they may reach a st rong enough point to create their own imperialistic movement. This can also lead to a never ending cycle of fighting for freedom, thence turning that new power upon others. Do you have the ability to decipher why a nation chooses to go to war? People often think they know why nations go to war, but can they support their own opinion? I support the connections I made myself with ideas of territorial issues, the need for resources, and the want to truly be free. No matter what issues result in war. They will most likely cause feelings of hatred and resentment between combating nations.

Simultaneous interpreting Essay Example for Free

Simultaneous interlingual rendition Es studyThese scratch line dickens instances of overlap happen quickly and without need for resolution. Then, third instance of overlapping take to task begins, all three ar public lecture, and to intervene. The educatee offers fundament-channel responses, the transcriber begins translating and then the prof begins to speak. suddenly there are three speakers. For moment, all three are berate of the town. And, at this point, the illustration says wait--minute to the Student.The Student right off shifts his gaze from the Professor to the voice. As he sees the gesture, the Students hands go down to his lap, bit-ending bulls eyeal in ASL (Baker 1977), and he makes no further attempt to speak. When the Student stops, the voice begins recording for the Professor, and she goes on chating At first glance, it might seem that the Interpreter stopped the Professor merely because she is the teacher and therefore more tendinous wh ile the Student is student and thus powerless.But as Tannen (1987) argues, the notion of power is metaphoric when employ to interaction and discourse suggest that there are many different kinds of power and influence that are interrelated and have varied manifestations. When people are taking different roles, it may not be the case that star has power and one doesnt, but that they have different kinds of power, and they are exercising it in different ways. While the Interpreter may have made his decision based on great authority or status of the Professor, upon closer inspection, number of factors may have contributed to the Interpreters decision to stop the Student.First, the study was initiated by the Professor, and it is clear that she is not finished talking about it, given her persistence in height it and her elaboration of it. Second, when the Professor begins to talk about chunking, she says this word the same way both times. There is accent mark on the first syllabl e, as well as rising and then falling tone. When said as CHUNKing, in English, the tone carries an additional message of heres what want to talk about attached. This is an example of how contextualization cues work ( Gumperz 1982).Third, in playback interviews, the Professor and the Student explain their perspectives on the overlapping talk and the Interpreters choice. The Student began explaining when he saw himself sign SAME. The Student said SAME because wanted to talk about the same thing Chunking and was prosperous she brought it up. didnt really understand it and hadnt remembered to asked her about it. wanted her to talk about it. At some level the Interpreter knew that the Student needed to know what the Professor thought it is what all students come to professors to hear.Although, by virtue of the situation, the Professor has more powerful status, the Students own words make it clear that he would prefer to be stopped, so that he can fulfill his expectation of re ceiving advice and information. It is for this information that he came to her office. The Professor explains her perspective When am talking about chunking think clearly feel that what have to say takes priority. And want to get it out. The Interpreter starts talking but dont want to hear it. think am not sure whether the Student was trying to take turn back or give back channel but am going to treat it like back channel because want to keep talking. wasnt ready to yield the floor. Thus, the Professor was unwilling to give up her turn and perhaps would have insisted that she be allowed to go on speaking. The accumulating dataher persistence on the topic, her contextualization cues, and her status-become cumulative force that essential have had some impact on the Interpreters decision.Thus, in some ways, the Interpreters decision was not only wise one to make it was, perhaps, the only one the Interpreter could have made as part of this triad. coincide talk and th e decision to stop speaker come about for complex social reasons within specialized contexts and interpreters act instinctively on this knowledge. Ignoring Turn Next, move to examples of overlapping talk where the Interpreter makes decision every to momentarily ignore one speakers overlapping talk and interpret it later or to ignore the talk altogether.Momentarily ignoring turn forces the Interpreter to hold span of speech in memory (if able) until an opportunity presents itself to interpret what was said. Holding span of speech and recalling it later happens for several reasons (1) an interpreter perceives that the talk is not critical at the moment (2) the overlapping talk is short, simple, and easy to remember or (3) an interpreter can predict that one speaker is either finishing or will finish soon.When interpreters ignore speakers input, they generally do so because they decide that the talk is unimportant at this moment, that it may be contributed again, or that they simply cannot process that plunk of language while they are interpreting. In this segment, at the third line, the same occurrence that made the Interpreter stop speaker previously now has different outcome the z Professor speaks, the Student speaks, and the Interpreter is interpreting all three are speaking.This time the Interpreter does not render an interpretation of the Professors talk. Interpreters sometimes have to ignore one of the overlapping utterances. There are two kinds of duologue that they can ignore and not affect the outcome too drastically. one kind of talk is back channel responses, brief spurts of talk that indicate that listeners are paying attention, or agreeing, or providing other non-content responses, such as, mm-hmm, sure, or OH--SEE (ASL). The other kind is also brief but contains more message content.For instance, yes, can do it and no, head it are brief, yet they include agreement, disagreement, or proposition. Interpreters can, or have to, ignore these two kinds of talk for two basic reasons. First, it is not physically possible to hear or see two speakers and be talking yourself, all at the same time. The complexity of the talk that is being interpreted demands an interpreters full attention. Second, inserting overlapping talk could surprise the speaker who is already talking and that speaker will stop because the stream of thought is interrupted.The next segment demonstrates more of the unique possibilities of interpreted events. The Student responds to something the Professor has said, and his response is not interpreted. The Professor sees the Student make gesture that gives agrees with her message, and it seems to communicate directly with her. Finally, interpreters sometimes make decisions to ignore overlapping talk momentarily, and when they are ready to interpret, they no longer remember it.When this happens, interpreters have an option to offer turn to the speaker whose talk was ignored. Interpreters can say some thing like, Do you want to say something? or they can take turn to say that the other speaker tried to say something. For example, an interpreter might say Excuse me, theres question In this meeting, the Interpreter does not ignore overlapping talk momentarily and offer turn to one of the speakers However, the Interpreter does offer turns at talk for reasons other than overlapping talk.

Boring day Essay Example for Free

Boring day EssayMy computer was broken so I couldnt browse the internet or socialize. My friends keep up gone on a vacation for summer yield to originateher enchantment I had to go to summer school. at once its the weekend and It couldnt have got whatever to a greater extent boring. My mom asked me to walk to the plaza down the path mood to buy several(prenominal) defecate out. I went upstairs to my fashion and got dressed. I decided to wear a shirt I got for my birthday. It had a cartoon duck fount on It and on top of It It express HI In big bubble letters. I similarly wore a pair of blue Jeans, went downstairs, and then put on my shoes and walked out. Im walking down the street and Its been about ten minutes. A normal person would have reached the plaza In cinque minutes, moreoer I wasnt a normal person, I was a bored person. Being a bored person, I tend to notice and observe things happening around, Like a bee gathering the nectar out of a flower on my neighbors garden, or an airplane in the sky miles away. While I was walking I spy this old human beings kicking his son out of house. Dont come cover song till youre get to apologize he yelled in a gruff voice man his son was path round in his boxers. I chuckled he must be looking for nighthing to cover himself up with. I would have felt so embarrassed if that were me. I proceed on toward the plaza with a smile. I finally arrived at the plaza it was a fifteen minute walk because I was walking rattling slowly, even though it really felt like thirty. Taking my first steps I observe the plaza was more crowded than Ive ever findn it. There was this supermarket that really wasnt that popular when it first opened. I call back coming here with my friends a while ago and it was the most dissected place Id ever seen.Now it was completely packed with customers, cars coming in and out of the parking lot. It kind of made me happy to see the plaza doing well. I walked in to the take out com puter storage and was it ever crowded. There must have been some special event going on. The line was really long too. I looked at the newspaper yield because I like looking at the covers of newspapers to see what the headline is, and I noticed the sign beside it. It tell Milk sale 50% off The cashier then looked at me, Hey, you better run to the milk section before it runs out I ran to the milk section, which sound happened to be located all the way at the back of the store.While running there I saw that there were two milk cartons left, with relief I started walking toward It. I opened the fridge door that had the milk in it and reached for It. Just as I was reaching for It an other hand reached In with me and picked up the other can. I false to see who It, and It was Carol, a girl from my school that I had a crush on. She was a really offend and beautiful person, although she has this problem of not being able to get wind In her head, Instead she would Just read out loud. Every conviction I saw her reading a book at he library, the people around her would get mad at her for not being quiet.She looked at me and said Hil in a really loud voice. I was in the girl Ive been crushing on has finally verbalise to me. My heart wouldnt stop beating quickly and my hand wouldnt stop twitching. Looking at her face, I noticed her eyes were on my chest, she must have notice my muscles I thought to myself. I yelled Hil back along conversition Just ended, but at least she finally noticed me. I purchased the milk can and I walked out of the store a happy man. I had five dollars worth of diverseness after purchasing the milk can, so I decided to head to the corner store get along in the plaza.This corner store was the best it was always the place to go when I was younger. All my friends and I would buy loads of candy and pop cans here when we younger, since the cost of it was as cheap as they come, ranging from five cents to a dollar. It was candy heaven for a kid. The only problem was the cashier he was foreign and tends to have fun with every customer that walked in. For him it would be either laughing with you or laughing at you. I walked inside the store and went straight to he back where all the pop was. The pop in this store was only 60 cents.I walked up to the cashier and he looked at me with a smile on his face as I gave him a dollar for the drink. 40 cents change for the hobo he said mischievously as if he planned out what he was going to say right when I walked in. The words didnt faze me though as I knew he was going to say something. As I was walking out an older woman walked in, Dont forget your wife he said while laughing. I Just ignored his random comments and walked out of the store. I opened the drink and drank some. Its been ver an hour and it was going to get dark soon. l should get going I thought to myself.Right when I was about to take my first step towards home, I heard a commotion coming from the supermarket. Two men were chip over watermelon vine. The watermelon was definitely big compared to the rest of the watermelons. One of the men had blond hair, with tattoos all over his arms. His Jeans had rips in them, he was wearing a wife beater, and he was wearing a head band. The other man was bald, he was wearing shorts, a t-shirt and his goatee hung down to his chest. This watermelon is mine the blond man yelled. The bald man didnt reply and let go of the watermelon.Directly after he punched him in the face, took the watermelon and yelled Sucker without even paying for it. There was crowd watching the whole incident go down as well. It was pretty serious for someone to hit a person and then deal something. My facial expression at that time showed a teenager with a straight face, but my in my head, Im laughing about the whole incident. I headed home, taking my time while observing my surroundings, as the sun was setting. All of the sharp, I heard a high pitch sound like someone was insistent for help. I stood still so I could hear better, but the sound didnt come again.I continued walking, wondering what the sound could have been. It could have been someone from the plaza, but I really doubted that as Im a pretty far away from it. Chirp chirp the sound came back again but a good deal louder. It sounded like a sibilation. I stopped to look around and I found a bird behind a tree. The bird was stuck under a pile of branches and was crying for help. I put the milk carton down and I moved the branches off the bird. The branches were bigger than most branches and it was pretty strained, as heavy as a pile f text books stacked together. The bird flew away while chirping.This time the chirping sounded very grateful like it was thanking me for helping it. The bird flew into the branches of the tree hidden in the leaves. All of the sudden an apple fell from the tree. I thought maybe it was a reward for helping it, so I took it graciously, picked up the milk can and continue d on home while eating the apple. Im home I said strongly as I walked in. Welcome home, Ill take the milk, do you want anything? while hurrying to my room. I decided to go straight to bed to catch up on some sleep, n a boring day, I guess I wouldnt want to spend the rest of it any other way.I went straight to sleep. The next day I woke up and I looked at the time. 830? Im going to be late for summer school I screamed. I got ready as quick as I could and ran out the door and barely managed to get on the bus. I sat down on the seat next to the bus doors. One of my classmates from my summer school happened to be academic term on the seat next to me and we started talking. I introduced myself and told him about my trip to the plaza. Wow he said while laughing. mfr lucky, you had a really fun day

300 - Rationalism vs Empiricism - Summary and History Essay Example for Free

300 Rationalism vs Empiricism Summary and History set someWhat is reality re each(prenominal)y like? A current running through practically of the philosophical ideateing around the condemnation of Socrates and Plato was that thither is a difference between how the field appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one horizontal surface of reality but it is our top dogs that penetrate deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We recognise kinds of things badgers, daffodils, mountains and whilst members of these kinds be born, heighten and die, and differ from one another in ever so many ways, the kind-defining essence doesnt change. We see here the key rationalist appraisal that intimacy is a priori knowledge of necessary truths Plato said that kinds were defined by the transcendental forms. He presented a number of arguments for the existence of these things. Prior to our incarnation, our souls existed in the realm of forms where we learned roughly these essences. In our ter symmetricalnessrial state, we cannot recall what we know. Socrates considered himself a midwife to knowledge or else of a teacher, helping his interlocutors to unsay out what they dont know that they know.The example of Meno and the slave-boy shows this idea clearly. Like many philosophers, Plato was besides fascinated by mathematics. We be able to tap into a universe of truths that are non-sensible we do not see numbers and we do not see the perfect geometric forms. Once again, we see the difference between the powers of the brainiac and the powers of the senses. It was in the 17th century that the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists came to a head. Philosophers such as Descartes and Leibniz emphasised the power of campaign over the senses.Descartes argued that our senses were fallible and that we could not rule out the possibility of the demon deception hypothesis on the basis of sensory evidence alone. Descartes argued that he knew he existed, as a mind, on the basis of upbraiding alone when I think, I cannot spill to be aware of myself as existing as that judgement (cogito, ergo sum). Having proved that he exists, Descartes argued that God exists. Since God is no deceiver, he would not be possessed of accustomed us senses that systematically mis rent. solely let us not overemphasise the powers of the senses.Descartes argued that even with material things, it is dry land that exposes their essences. In his piece of wax reasoning, he argued that the senses merely reveal a succession of impressions it is reason that grasps the implicit in(p) and enduring substance as extended (and filled space). Plato and Descartes believed that we are born with concepts and knowledge. In Descartes case, there was a religious motive we are all born in the image of God. We discover more about the world primarily through metaphysical reflection . The philosopher Francis Bacon, an early empiricist, famously dismissed this rationalist approach to knowledge.He compared rationalists to spiders who spin mazy metaphysical systems out of their entrails. Empiricists get their hands dirty like bees rumpleing pollen, they gather knowledge about the world and only then reflect on it. Around the same metre as Bacon, many new discoveries were being made that shook the prevailing views of reality. The Earth was dethroned from its position at the centre of the universe by Copernicus. A new star (a supernova) was observed by Tycho Brahe in 1572 to that extent the heavens were supposed to be snipless and unchanging.Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter again, everything clearly didnt revolve around the Earth. Later in the 17th century, scientist-philosophers such as Newton, Boyle, Gassendi and Huygens would revolutionise our understanding of reality. The original empiricist manifesto was written by put-on Locke. In his Essay Conc erning Human Understanding, he sought to show how a mind that was caisson at birth a tabula rasa or blank slate could come to be filled. His first targets were the innate concepts and knowledge (ideas) of the rationalists.There are no such things. There are no truths everyone agrees on. Many people fail to grasp the supposed metaphysical truths. Instead, our senses deliver ideas to us. We store them, abstract from them to form general ideas, and compound and miscellany them to generate new ideas. Like Lego bricks, we build the meagre sensory information into ever more complex structures. Even Leibniz fancy Locke was onto something here. He claimed that our minds were like blocks of marble that had to be carefully chiselled at to reveal the secluded structure (the innate truths).It is hard work and not everyone will end up well-chiselled. Hume took empiricism to its limit. Where Locke talked indifferently of ideas, Hume distinguished impressions and ideas. Impressions are the direct deliverances of the senses and are forceful and vivid in comparison to ideas, which are the copies our minds makes. (He also agreed with the Empiricist Berkeley that Lockes theory of general ideas was wrong. We do not abstract from particular ideas to a general idea but use a particular idea in a general way via a general name. )What about the precious necessary truths philosophy is supposed to study? Locke argued that once we have ideas in our mind, our mind will perceive the necessary connections between them e. g. that a triangle has internal angles that add to 180o? except where does the idea of necessity come from? Hume provided an answer. He distinguished statements into two categories those imparting relations of ideas (analyticalal) and those expressing matters of fact (synthetic). The analytic truths express mere definitions we simply are aware of an association between terms.The synthetic truths are the contingent truths. So what happens to interesting necessary truths, such as God exists or nothing exists without being caused to exist? Hume argued that if these werent analytic and they arent they arent necessary. We feel that they are necessary and this is all necessity is a psychological property. When we say that X caused Y, we think we have said something about the universe. We think we have seen an example of a law of nature (e. g. the irrigate in the bucket froze because it was cold exemplifies the law water freezes at 0oC).Science investigates these laws. Hume said that causation was all in the mind. We see one thing after another and when weve seen instances of a regularity enough, we develop the whim that one thing must be followed by the other. Hume, like Locke, emphasised how all we can be certain of are our impressions how the world seems. Scientists are really investigating how the world appears they can never be certain that the world really is the way it appears. So, empiricism seems to lead straight to scepticism about the immaterial world. Kant intented strongly to this.Science really is studying the external world and there really is an external world for it to investigate. Kant brought about a revolution in philosophy (he called it a Copernican revolution). He argued that the empiricists and rationalists were both proper(ip) and wrong. The Empiricists were right science requires the study of the world and the world is brought to us via the senses. The Rationalists were right our mind is not blank but contains structures that enable us to interpret the stream of data from the senses. We may liken the mind to a mould and the data to jelly one only has something structured by combining both.Or the mind is a computer with an operate system and the data is the input from the user. A computer with just an operating system is inert. A computer into which data is inputted but which has no operating system is just data it cannot be interpreted. Only when you combine both do you get something useful. Our minds contain the structures for space, time, objects and causation, for example. (In Kants terminology, space and time are the pure forms of intuition whereas the structures for objects and causation are pure concepts of the understanding.) This means that we experience a world of spatio-temporally hardened objects in which causation happens because this is how our minds make it appear. Does this mean that the world as such is all in the mind? Or is the mind somehow tuned to the structure of reality, so that our pre-programmed minds mirror the structures of reality? This is a very fractious question over which there is no agreement amongst experts. The Empiricist stricklement came back with a vengeance in the 20th century. Philosophers such as Bertrand Russell agreed with Hume that our knowledge begins with our knowledge of sense-data (classical empirical foundationalism).Armed with new discoveries in mathematics and logic, and backed by the successes of science, the logica l positivists argued that the only proper way to investigate the world was the scientific way. If I say p and p is synthetic and there is no objective, scientific way to support my claim that p, then my claim is meaningless. (This is the celebrated verification ruler). So, if it is true that there atoms, we should be able to image empirical sensory evidence of them. If it is true that nothing happens without being caused to happen, then we likewise need scientific evidence for this.We cannot discover whether it is true by pure reason. The Logical Positivist movement failed. There is much that seems meaningful that is not objectively verifiable by the senses, such as the occurrence of private sensations. The principle makes it impossible for general claims such as all mammals are warm-blooded to be true, as we cannot assure all of them. The very verification principle itself fails its own test The Logical Positivists responded by watering mastered their principle a meaningful claim is one we could gather some evidence for in principle and the principle itself is special exempt from this rule.But it was not enough. (* Then Quine argued that the fundamental division between analytic and synthetic sentences was incorrect. Analytic sentences cannot be false. But no sentence enjoys this privilege. As we learn more and more, truths we thought were beyond doubt are rejected. Once upon a time, we would have thought it analytic that no object can be in two places at once or that there is no hurrying velocity. Quantum physics and general relativity theory show that they are not true. Instead, we should have a wind vane of belief. At the centre are those sentences least likely to be revised our core beliefs.As we move out, we find those sentences that would be easier and easier to accept as false that would cause less and less disruption to the rest of what we believe. ) In the 1950s, Chomsky became famous for suggesting that we are not born as blank slates w hen it comes to language. We are born cunning the fundamental structures of human language. When we are young, we hear our mother tongue and use our knowledge of language to assemble up our language very quickly. (At 24 months, the average child understands 500-700 spoken communication at 36 months, kilobyte at 48 around 2500-3000 at 60 around 5000 words thats around 7 words a day between 3 and 6).More recently, studies have shown that children are born with brains structured to yield the world to behave in certain way. Very young children expect objects to persist over time not to disappear and reappear at two different places, for example. Is this a revival of rationalism? non according to many people. Rationalists argued that we had innate concepts and knowledge. By reflection, we can discover them and manipulate them to gain new knowledge. But our knowledge of language is altogether different. None of us can easily articulate the rules we follow in generating syntactically -correct English.(And certainly none of us at all can articulate the common structure rules to all human languages. ) Our brains are certainly pre-programmed, but only perhaps in the same way that a computer is pre-wired clearly something has to be there but nothing as advanced as software. So where are we today? No side is victorious this would be to grossly over-simplify the debate between the empiricists and the rationalists. We in spades have minds in some way ready to receive the world hardly surprising, perhaps, given the time it has taken for us to evolve.But when it comes to working out what is true? Few philosophers are rationalists in the old-fashioned way. There is no sharp division between metaphysics and science our study of reality cannot be do from the armchair alone. But our capacity to grasp abstract mathematical truths has always been difficult to explain from an empiricist perspective. We seem to have an access to a mathematical realm and a cognitive or intuiti ve access instead of a sensory one. You cant see numbers, after all, and it is not easy to say what we could see that would lead us to generate the ideas of numbers.